NEET 2020 Biology Solution

 NEET 2020 Biology Solution

https://documentcloud.adobe.com/link/track?uri=urn:aaid:scds:US:739a5b71-778e-4082-91eb-9c8f7dfc62fd

Azeem Farooqui

(Biochemist)

Comparison between Catabolism & Anabolism

Comparison between   Catabolism & Anabolism

Anabolism	Catabolism
1.    It is a constructive process of metabolism	It is a destructive process of metabolism
2.    In anabolism, complex molecules (e.g. proteins) are synthesized from simple molecules (Amino acids)	In catabolism, complex molecules (e.g. Glycogen) are broken down into simple molecules (glucose)
3.    It is an energy (ATP) requiring process	It is an energy (ATP) releasing process
4.    It is a “Up-hill” process	It is a “Down-hill” process
5.    E.g. Protein synthesis, Glycogen synthesis, Photosynthesis	E.g. Glycogenolysis, Glycolysis, Digestion, cellular respiration

Anabolism	Catabolism
1.    It is a constructive process of metabolism	It is a destructive process of metabolism
2.    In anabolism, complex molecules (e.g. proteins) are synthesized from simple molecules (Amino acids)	In catabolism, complex molecules (e.g. Glycogen) are broken down into simple molecules (glucose)
3.    It is an energy (ATP) requiring process	It is an energy (ATP) releasing process
4.    It is a “Up-hill” process	It is a “Down-hill” process
5.    E.g. Protein synthesis, Glycogen synthesis, Photosynthesis	E.g. Glycogenolysis, Glycolysis, Digestion, cellular respiration

Differences between Amphibians and Reptiles

Features	Amphibians	Reptiles
Group	They come under class Amphibia	They come under class Reptilia
Habit and habitat	They usually stay near water sources to prevent drying out, and have smooth skin.	They are groups of animals that breathe air, have scales on their bodies, and lay eggs.
Breathing	Gills, skin and lungs	Lungs
Metabolism	Ectothermic (Poikilothermic or cold-blooded)	Ectothermic (Poikilothermic or cold-Blooded)
Metamorphosis	Yes. Breathes water through gills until it develops lungs.	No. Looks like a miniature adult when born.
Heart	3-chambered. Two atria and one ventricle	3-chambered, two atria and one ventricle. But ventricle is partially divided. Crocodiles have 4-chambered heart.
Limbs	Short fore- limbs and long hind limbs. They are generally pentadactyl (with five webbed digits).	Four limbs are present (except snakes).
Skin	Smooth, moist, rather sticky skin. Mucous glands are present.	Dry and scaly. Scales are made of keratin. Skin is found underneath the scales.
Eggs	Soft gel surrounding their eggs without any hard covering. Usually found in water or damp places.	Amniotic egg. Have hard, leathery eggs laid on land or they keep eggs in their bodies until they hatch.
Reproduction	Sexual. External fertilization	Sexual. Internal fertilization
Examples	Frogs, toads, newts, salamanders, caecilians or blindworms etc	Snakes, lizards, crocodiles, turtles etc

MAJOR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ACTIVE ABSORPTION AND PASSIVE ABSORPTION OF WATER IN PLANTS

 

MAJOR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ACTIVE ABSORPTION AND PASSIVE ABSORPTION OF WATER IN PLANTS

Active Absorption of water	Passive absorption of water
It occurs due to the activity of root and root hairs.	It occurs mainly due to the activity of upper part of the plant such as shoot and leaves.
Water is absorbed by the osmotic or non-osmotic processes along or against DPD gradient.	Water is absorbed as a result of tension created by transpiration pull.
It involves symplast (via. Protoplasm) movement of water.	It involves apoplast movement of water. i.e., through cell walls and intercellular spaces.
It utilizes metabolic energy.	It utilizes solar energy for transpiration.
Root cells play an active role.	Root cells play a passive role.
It is independent of transpiration.	It takes place when transpiration is fast.
It creates a positive pressure in the xylem channels.	It produces a negative pressure in xylem channels.

Shock is the Condition associated with Circulatory Collapse

 Shock is the Condition associated with Circulatory Collapse

Shock is the condition in which there is inadequate flow of oxygenated, blood to the tissues. There is cell hypoxia and inadequate tissue perfusion. The patient has a cold sweaty pallid skin, a weak rapid pulse, irregular breathing, dry mouth, dilated pupils, a decreased level of consciousness, and a reduced flow of urine. Causes include haemorrhage, a decrease in the volume of blood (hypovolaemic shock), reduced activity of the heart (cardiogenic shock), infection (septic shock) and allergic reaction (anaphylactic shock). It may also be due to widespread dilation of the blood vessels so that there is insufficient blood to fill them. This may be caused by the emotional shock due to personal tragedy or disaster (neurogenic shock).

Azeem Farooqui (Biochemist)

4 Shocking Reasons Why 85% Aspirants Fail To Crack NEET-UG

4 Shocking Reasons Why 85% Aspirants Fail To Crack NEET-UG

1. Not Practising Lots of Questions

All the knowledge in the world will prove useless in NEET-UG if you are unable to apply your knowledge to the questions asked. NEET examination test your ability to apply what you have learnt something that must be developed and refined over time. 

Accordingly, it is crucial, that you complete as many practice questions as possible under exam conditions.

Accordingly, it is crucial, that you complete as many practice questions as possible under exam conditions.

By solving 1000s of questions on a Topic/Chapter, you come to realize your strength and weaknesses. This is the only way you can keep improving your scores in NEET.

Solution – Rather than merely learning and re-learning syllabus, devote the majority of your time in solving questions and making yourself familiar with ALL TYPES of questions related to the Topic/Chapter. This tip alone will increase your chances of reaching a high score by 60%. 

2. NOT Learning From Your Mistakes

An important part of your education is learning from your mistakes. This is mostly true for Chemistry and Biology. Students think that these subjects can be done just by cramming up but it is a misconception. 

Repeating your mistakes in these subjects can be fatal for your scorecard and can result in you not achieving target marks even by a minor limit. And as you know, Bio and Chemistry are the subjects that get you selected, it is highly crucial to avoid making such mistakes.

Solution – Each time you get a question wrong, go back and consider how else you could have approached the question. Look at the worked solutions and take note of where you went wrong.

Try to repeat these questions at a later date you ensure that you have learned from your mistakes. More importantly, once you find out that you have not understood the concept, try to read it more clearly and make a memory map. 

3. NOT Memorizing the Concepts Early 

NEET and AIIMS require you to apply your knowledge to solve complex MCQs. 

Most of the questions in these exams are Concept-based. A lot of Aspirants keep postponing learning the concepts and keep their focus elsewhere on cramming up the subjects. This simply doesn’t work in case of competitive exams.

Solution – The earlier you start memorising the concepts of the subjects, the sooner you can start doing practice questions. This approach will also provide you with sufficient time to identify and subsequently cover any gaps in your knowledge.

What you want to do ideally is, learn and understand all the conceptual parts in the beginning months and then just practice thousands upon thousands of questions on each chapter until when 2 months are remaining from the exam. This is how you build an unshakable knowledge base.

4. NOT Studying Physics

Competition for medicine and dentistry is tough. One or a few marks in the NEET and AIIMS may be the difference between being awarded a government seat v/s completely missing out.

These difficult areas are what separate the best from the rest. Many aspirants think that biology and chemistry of sufficient to get selected in the exam. This type of thinking can cost you your career. Biology is the most important part of the exam, it is alone not sufficient to get you selected in the exam.

Why?

Simply because you cannot do all 90 questions correctly in biology (if you can do that, then forget physics and concentrate only on biology ).

Solution – To maximize your chances of success at least aim for getting 60- 65% marks in Physics. This is difficult but totally achievable.

By focusing on the important chapters and making yourself with all types of questions that come from that chapter, you increase your chances of getting selected exponentially. These are the most common reasons why aspirants fail to crack and even qualify the examination.

By keeping these mistakes in mind and improving yourself in these areas, you can easily achieve your target scores and secure your seat in the NEET and AIIMS exams.

Hope this is helpful!

The Wobble Hypothesis

The Wobble Hypothesis

There are more than one codon for one amino acid. This is called degeneracy of genetic code.

To explain the possible cause of degeneracy of codons, in 1966, Francis Crick proposed “the Wobble hypothesis”.

According to this hypothesis, only the first two bases of the codon have a precise pairing with the bases of the anticodon of tRNA, while the pairing between the third bases of codon and anticodon may Wobble (wobble means to sway or move unsteadily).

The phenomenon permits a single tRNA to recognize more than one codon. Therefore, although there are 61 codons for amino acids, the number of tRNA is far less (around 40) which is due to wobbling.

The Wobble Hypothesis

The wobble hypothesis states that the base at 5′ end of the anticodon is not spatially confined as the other two bases allowing it to form hydrogen bonds with any of several bases located at the 3′ end of a codon. This leads to the following conclusions:

The first two bases of the codon make normal (canonical) H-bond pairs with the 2nd and 3rd bases of the anticodon.

At the remaining position, less stringent rules apply and non-canonical pairing may occur. The wobble hypothesis thus proposes a more flexible set of base-pairing rules at the third position of the codon.

The relaxed base-pairing requirement, or “wobble,” allows the anticodon of a single form of tRNA to pair with more than one triplet in mRNA.

The rules: first base U can recognize A or G, first base G can recognize U or C, and first base I can recognize U, C or A.

Crick’s hypothesis hence predicts that the initial two ribonucleotides of triplet codes are often more critical than the third member in attracting the correct tRNA.

Wobble base pairs

A wobble base pair is a pairing between two nucleotides in RNA molecules that does not follow Watson-Crick base pair rules.

The four main wobble base pairs are guanine-uracil (G-U), hypoxanthine-uracil (I-U), hypoxanthine-adenine (I-A), and hypoxanthine-cytosine (I-C).

In order to maintain consistency of nucleic acid nomenclature, “I” is used for hypoxanthine because hypoxanthine is the nucleobase of inosine.

Inosine displays the true qualities of wobble, in that if that is the first nucleotide in the anticodon then any of three bases in the original codon can be matched with the tRNA.

Significance of the Wobble Hypothesis

Our bodies have a limited amount of tRNAs and wobble allows for broad specificity.

Wobble base pairs have been shown to facilitate many biological functions, most clearly proven in the bacterium Escherichia coli.

The thermodynamic stability of a wobble base pair is comparable to that of a Watson-Crick base pair.

Wobble base pairs are fundamental in RNA secondary structure and are critical for the proper translation of the genetic code.

Wobbling allows faster dissociation of tRNA from mRNA and also protein synthesis.

The existence of wobble minimizes the damage that can be caused by a misreading of the code; for example, if the Leu codon CUU were misread CUC or CUA or CUG during transcription of mRNA, the codon would still be translated as Leu during protein synthesis.

Goose flesh is a Pimply State of the Skin, Produced by Cold or Fright

Goose flesh is a Pimply State of the Skin, Produced by Cold or Fright

Goose flesh is the reaction of the skin to cold or fear. The blood vessels contract and the small muscle attached to the base of each hair follicle also contracts, causing the hairs to stand up: this gives the skin an appearance of plucked goose skin. That stimulus causes a nerve discharge from the sympathetic nervous system. The nerve discharge causes contraction of little muscles called the arrector pilorum (the hair erector muscles). Contraction of these muscles elevates the hair follicles above the rest of the skin. And it is these tiny elevations we perceive as goose bumps. Gooseflesh is also referred to as "goose bumps."

Decible (dB)

Decibel (dBA) is an International Scale of Sound Levels.

Decibel (symbol dB) is unit of measure used originally to compare sound intensities. Nearly all audible sounds lie between 0 and about 140 dB, where 0 dB is the 'threshold of hearing. A whisper has a sound intensity of 20 dB and 140 dB (a jet aircraft taking off nearby) is the threshold of pain. An increase of 10 dB means that the noise perceived by a listener has roughly doubled in loudness. A car passing at 70 dB sounds twice as loud as one passing at 60 dB. The dB measurement is widely used throughout the world for determining approximate human reaction to noise.

People who have Dimples, Tend to have Children with Dimples

People who have Dimples, Tend to have Children with Dimples

A dimple is the word given to natural indentation on the face. Dimples often occur on both the cheeks. They are most commonly visible when someone smiles. Dimples are due to a genetic trait following an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Transfer of dimples from parents to children occurs due to just one gene. Dimples are highly heritable, meaning that people who have dimples tend to have children with dimples. The truth is that dimples are actually genetic defects that are revealed by shortened facial muscles. Dimples are caused by a fault in the subcutaneous connective tissue that develops in the course of the embryonic development.

Achondroplasia is Inherited Condition of Abnormal Cartilage Development

Achondroplasia is Inherited Condition of Abnormal Cartilage Development

Achondroplasia is a disorder, inherited as a dominant characteristic, in which the bones of the arms and legs fail to grow to normal size due to a defect in both cartilage and bone. It results in a type of dwarfism characterized by short limbs, a normal-sized head and body, and normal intelligence. Achondroplasia is the commonest form of human dwarfism. The condition is controlled by an autosomal dominant gene and thus affected children born to normal parents must result from a mutation in one or other parent. The majority of achondroplastics die in early childhood but those surviving are fertile.

Ability to set Goals

The ability to set Goals and make plans for there accomplishment is the master Skill of success.
Developing this skill will do more to ensure your success than anything else you could ever do.
Goals are the fuel in the furnace of achievement. A person without goals is like a ship without a rudder, drifting aimlessly and always in danger of ending up on the rocks. A person with goals is like a ship with a rudder, guided by a captain with a map, a compass, and a destination, sailing straight and true toward a port of his own choosing.

You are where you are and what you are because you have decided to be there. Your thoughts, your actions and your behaviour have gotten you to your present position in life, and they could have brought you to no other place, rightly considered.

If your goal is to get through the day and then get home and watch tv, you will achieve it. If your goal is to be fit and healthy and to live a long life, then you will achieve that too. And if your goal is to be financially independent or even wealthy, if that is truly your goal, then there is nothing that can stop you from reaching it, sooner or later.

Your only limitation is your desire, How badly do you want it.

Hemophilia

Hemophilia is Inherited Blood Disorder Resulting Severe Bleeding
Haemophilia is a rare human blood disorder in which blood clots very slowly, resulting often in severe bleeding internally and externally. The condition is due to a lack of fibrin in the blood and is controlled by two closely linked genes on the X-chromosome that are responsible for the production of different clotting factors. Haemophilia A individuals lack antihaemophilic factor, while haemophilia B individuals lack plasma thromboplastin. Males carrying the mutant alleles will be affected, although heterozygous females have normal blood. The patient may experience prolonged bleeding following any injury or wound. Haemophilia may be treated by transfusions of plasma (which contains the missing factor).

Visual Acuity

Visual Acuity Commonly Refers to the Clarity of Vision.

Visual acuity describes how well you see detail with your central vision. This is usually measured using a special chart with rows of letters that start with one big one at the top and get smaller row by row - called a Snellen scale. There are many tests of visual acuity. One of the more common is the Snellen test type. This is made up of many letters of different size. By conventions the chart is placed 6 metres away from the patient. Each eye is assessed with two numbers, such as having 6/6 vision. The first number is the distance the chart is viewed from. The second is the distance at which the person being tested can see a letter clearly. If they are only able to see the top letter they have 6/60 vision. ‘Normal’ vision is 6/6.

Biofilm

Biofilm is a Collection of Micro-Organisms and their Products.
Biofilm is a collection of microbial cells covered by and embedded in a matrix of extracellular  microbial products, such as mucilage or slime, at an interface. Biofilms are found, for example, on the surface of stones in rivers and ponds, in water pipelines, as dental plaques on teeth and on surgical implants. Biofilm formation can have serious implications in industrial, environmental, medical and public health situations. Biofilms form in the micro-environment (rhizosphere) surrounding plant roots, where they assist the plant in absorbing nutrients from the soil.

Following is Revised Syllabus fot NTA NEET As well as Boards 2021 & 2022 aspirants.

Following is Revised Syllabus fot NTA NEET As well as Boards 2021 & 2022 aspirants.
There have been SIGNIFICANT REDUCTIONS which you can go through.

Revised Syllabus For Biology

https://documentcloud.adobe.com/link/review?uri=urn:aaid:scds:US:34309892-d3c1-4ee7-8d80-4b0361ef7fd7

Revised Syllabus For Chemistry

https://documentcloud.adobe.com/link/review?uri=urn:aaid:scds:US:b4a38b7a-4fe6-453c-93d2-b81e0d8c176c

Revised Syllabus For Physics

https://documentcloud.adobe.com/link/review?uri=urn:aaid:scds:US:9b889e8d-3a84-4326-9440-7676f158d9ad

Revised Syllabus For Mathematics 

https://documentcloud.adobe.com/link/review?uri=urn:aaid:scds:US:fed963e1-12ee-4c28-8e4c-cd92ede829ed

Revised Syllabus for Science  (IXand X)

https://documentcloud.adobe.com/link/review?uri=urn:aaid:scds:US:dc9a9b72-8fff-46ca-9d38-3b1b75e19297

Revised Syllabus for Mathematics  (IXand X)

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Lessons from Ebola: how to reach the poorest children when schools reopen

When schools reopen after a crisis, we can't assume that all students will return.

These are some of the lessons learnt from Ebola, that we must urgently apply to COVID-19.

https://blogs.unicef.org/blog/lessons-from-ebola-how-to-reach-the-poorest-children-when-schools-reopen/?utm_source=facebook&utm_medium=organic&utm_campaign=education&fbclid=IwAR3Toy7CxcNX9jaHKGWj8m9kjzX--Tyg9WuMkrw74sSiUSh9O8yL-GuOpvU

Liver is my Lover

Liver is my Lover

•  The liver is the largest internal and most metabolically complex organ in humans.
• Liver is also the largest gland in our body.
• The weigh of human liver is about 1.5 kg.
• The study of liver is known as Hepatology. (The Greek word for liver is hepar). 

The liver performs over 500 different functions. Some of them are
a. Figh against infections
b. Neutralize toxin and harmful chemicals such as liquor, beer, wine and drugs.
c. Detoxify food impurities
d. inspects nutrients before allowing them into the bloodstream.
e. Manufacture proteins and hormones.
f. Control blood sugar level.
g. Help to clot the blood.
h. Store iron and other important vitamins and minerals.
i. Enable to digest the fat in your food by releasing bile juice.
j. Store glucose in the form of glycogen.
k. Synthesize cholesterol.

•  The liver is the only organ that can regenerate itself!! So one can donate a part of his liver to another person. When a portion of the liver is transplanted, the donor's liver will regenerate back to its original size while the transplanted portion will grow to the appropriate size for the recipient. 
• About 1.4 litre of bile juice is produced daily.G
• Gall bladder stores bile from the liver. It is used to break down dietary fat into tiny droplets. It facilitates the fat digestion.T
• The liver always contains about 10% of the blood in your body and it pumps about 1.4 litres through per minute. 
• The first human liver transplantation was performed by Dr. Thomas E. Starzl (1963). But it was not 100% successful due to lack of immunosuppressive drugs. Four years later, he performed first successful liver transplantation. 
• Hepatitis B (a viral disease) is one of the most serious forms of hepatitis. The National Liver Foundation reports Hepatitis B is more common and much more infectious than AIDS.
• Chronic Hepatitis B leads to liver cirrhosis (damaging of the liver cells). 
• One glass of wine, a can of beer or a shot of whiskey can be equally damaging to the liver.
• Alcoholism mostly attacks the liver. It leads to the damage of liver tissues called liver cirrhosis.
• If you avoid alcohol during the week and, then, binge drink on the weekends, this is also bad and may cause even greater damage.
• Anyone who drinks more than five drinks per day is at serious risk of developing alcoholic liver disease.

Liver cancer

How to take care of your liver?

• Avoid alcohol completely.
• Avoid excessive use of drugs you take. Do not use any drugs without the advice of doctors.
• Take care about the aerosol sprays you breathe. Your liver detoxifies what you breathe in. When you’re around aerosol cleaners, mildew sprays and paint sprays, for example, make sure the room is well ventilated or wear a mask.
• Every time you are around insecticides, cover your skin with gloves, long sleeves, a hat and mask. These harmful chemicals can enter your body through your skin and destroy cells in the liver.
• Don’t expose yourself to hepatitis viruses. They live in bodily fluids, blood, saliva and seminal fluid.
• Eat a well balanced, healthy diet without too much fat.