Most Important Topics for NEET 2022 Physics, Chemistry, and Biology

 https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLFNvqX46H-k-yDhNMPiMmhOoUO0kMfJNv

Transport In Plants Important Points or Short Notes

 🌿Transport In Plants🌵

🍀Small distance transport >Diffusion

>Cytoplasmic streaming

>Active transport

🍀Translocation 

>Transport over a long distance

>Through vascular tissues, xylem and phloem

🍀Multidirectional transport

>Organic compounds and mineral nutrients

🍀Unidirectional Transport

>Through xylem, water and minerals

🍀Diffusion

>Passive transport from higher to lower concentration

>Gaseous movement in plants

>Depends on the concentration gradient, permeability, temperature and pressure

🍀Facilitated diffusion

>Diffusion of hydrophilic moiety through a carrier protein

>Concentration gradient is required

>No expenditure of energy

🍀Aquaporins

>Water channels

🍀Symport 

>Diffusion of two molecules in the same direction

🍀Antiport 

>Diffusion of two molecules in the opposite direction

🍀Active transport

> Transport against the concentration gradient

>Uphill transport

>Expenditure of energy

🍀Osmosis 

>Movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from higher potential to lower potential until equilibrium is achieved

🍀Plasmolysis

>Water moves out of the cell leading to shrinkage

>Occurs in a hypertonic solution

🍀Flaccid

>When cells are kept in an isotonic solution, there is no net movement of water

🍀Turgid 

>Cells become turgid when placed in a hypotonic solution

🍀Imbibition 

>Absorption of water by solids and colloid

E.g. water absorption by seeds, dry wood

🍀Apoplastic path

>Cell wall and intercellular spaces

🍀Symplastic path

> System of interconnected protoplast

🍀Transpiration 

>Loss of water through evaporation

🍀Guttation

 >Exudation of xylem sap near the tip of grasses mostly at night due to root pressure

🍀Transpiration Pull 

>Driving force for transportation of water upwards from roots to leaves

🍀Phloem Translocation 

>Bidirectional, active process

Water, sucrose and other sugvars, amino acids, hormones

Last three months strategy to crack NEET 2021

 The National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (NEET) will be on 1^st August 2021. It is pivotal to utilize the last 3 months wisely for all candidates aspiring to crack NEET 2021. This is the time (race against time phrase meaning) when you all need to prepare a systematic roadmap.  So here are some tips for your preparation in the last three months.

Relax and calm down

Stop thinking too much, hold on, take (take with a grain of salt idiom synonym) a breath and understand that a period of three months is sufficient to prepare for the target NEET exam. Stressing will just (just in case definition) make the situation difficult, so just recharge yourself with positive thoughts.

Action Plan and Time management

Study for at least 7-8 hours a day. Prepare a realistic day-wise timetable which includes proper planning on how to spend the whole day on which subject or topic. Start with making a list of topics that are still left to be done from the syllabus. After that prioritize the topics as per their frequency of occurrence in previous exams. Then start preparing for them. All of you know that 80% of the syllabus is going to be NCERT based. Even after reading NCERT two to three times, sometimes you might face difficulty in solving the questions. For this refer to some refreshers or other books for more and more practice. Solve as many MCQ questions as you can,  related to one chapter after completing it. This way you will be able to point out your weak topics. Mark those and clear your basics.

TIP: You can achieve a super high score in Biology as it is theoretical, so please fully prepare it.

After you complete your syllabus

To reach this stage it might take you two months.  Now do not start anything new, what is done is done. Here comes the time for REVISION. The topics which you marked as difficult or important, start revising them frequently. Keep on solving practice papers and last year’s papers to increase speed and accuracy.

 Stay healthy, Stay focused

With the rising number of cases of COVID it is important for everyone to be safe and follow a healthy routine. Physical and mental strength both are going to affect your preparation, so have a balanced diet and take all precautions seriously. Take proper sleep and reduce or remove your unnecessary screen time. Stay focused on your goal and stay away from these distractions.

Stay away from negative comments

A lot of people around you build pressure on you by saying that the exam is going to be really difficult, the competition has increased, and we are not fully prepared and so on. Just simply ignore such comments that haunt you and demotivate you. Believe in your plan and hard work.

So, all the best. These three months are crucial, value the time and strive for your dream. Give your best so that you need not regret later for anything. Do not panic just go on with your preparation. I am sure you all will achieve NEET in 2021.

 

NEET 2020 Biology Solution

 NEET 2020 Biology Solution

https://documentcloud.adobe.com/link/track?uri=urn:aaid:scds:US:739a5b71-778e-4082-91eb-9c8f7dfc62fd

Azeem Farooqui

(Biochemist)

Comparison between Catabolism & Anabolism

Comparison between   Catabolism & Anabolism

Anabolism	Catabolism
1.    It is a constructive process of metabolism	It is a destructive process of metabolism
2.    In anabolism, complex molecules (e.g. proteins) are synthesized from simple molecules (Amino acids)	In catabolism, complex molecules (e.g. Glycogen) are broken down into simple molecules (glucose)
3.    It is an energy (ATP) requiring process	It is an energy (ATP) releasing process
4.    It is a “Up-hill” process	It is a “Down-hill” process
5.    E.g. Protein synthesis, Glycogen synthesis, Photosynthesis	E.g. Glycogenolysis, Glycolysis, Digestion, cellular respiration

Anabolism	Catabolism
1.    It is a constructive process of metabolism	It is a destructive process of metabolism
2.    In anabolism, complex molecules (e.g. proteins) are synthesized from simple molecules (Amino acids)	In catabolism, complex molecules (e.g. Glycogen) are broken down into simple molecules (glucose)
3.    It is an energy (ATP) requiring process	It is an energy (ATP) releasing process
4.    It is a “Up-hill” process	It is a “Down-hill” process
5.    E.g. Protein synthesis, Glycogen synthesis, Photosynthesis	E.g. Glycogenolysis, Glycolysis, Digestion, cellular respiration

Differences between Amphibians and Reptiles

Features	Amphibians	Reptiles
Group	They come under class Amphibia	They come under class Reptilia
Habit and habitat	They usually stay near water sources to prevent drying out, and have smooth skin.	They are groups of animals that breathe air, have scales on their bodies, and lay eggs.
Breathing	Gills, skin and lungs	Lungs
Metabolism	Ectothermic (Poikilothermic or cold-blooded)	Ectothermic (Poikilothermic or cold-Blooded)
Metamorphosis	Yes. Breathes water through gills until it develops lungs.	No. Looks like a miniature adult when born.
Heart	3-chambered. Two atria and one ventricle	3-chambered, two atria and one ventricle. But ventricle is partially divided. Crocodiles have 4-chambered heart.
Limbs	Short fore- limbs and long hind limbs. They are generally pentadactyl (with five webbed digits).	Four limbs are present (except snakes).
Skin	Smooth, moist, rather sticky skin. Mucous glands are present.	Dry and scaly. Scales are made of keratin. Skin is found underneath the scales.
Eggs	Soft gel surrounding their eggs without any hard covering. Usually found in water or damp places.	Amniotic egg. Have hard, leathery eggs laid on land or they keep eggs in their bodies until they hatch.
Reproduction	Sexual. External fertilization	Sexual. Internal fertilization
Examples	Frogs, toads, newts, salamanders, caecilians or blindworms etc	Snakes, lizards, crocodiles, turtles etc

MAJOR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ACTIVE ABSORPTION AND PASSIVE ABSORPTION OF WATER IN PLANTS

 

MAJOR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ACTIVE ABSORPTION AND PASSIVE ABSORPTION OF WATER IN PLANTS

Active Absorption of water	Passive absorption of water
It occurs due to the activity of root and root hairs.	It occurs mainly due to the activity of upper part of the plant such as shoot and leaves.
Water is absorbed by the osmotic or non-osmotic processes along or against DPD gradient.	Water is absorbed as a result of tension created by transpiration pull.
It involves symplast (via. Protoplasm) movement of water.	It involves apoplast movement of water. i.e., through cell walls and intercellular spaces.
It utilizes metabolic energy.	It utilizes solar energy for transpiration.
Root cells play an active role.	Root cells play a passive role.
It is independent of transpiration.	It takes place when transpiration is fast.
It creates a positive pressure in the xylem channels.	It produces a negative pressure in xylem channels.

Shock is the Condition associated with Circulatory Collapse

 Shock is the Condition associated with Circulatory Collapse

Shock is the condition in which there is inadequate flow of oxygenated, blood to the tissues. There is cell hypoxia and inadequate tissue perfusion. The patient has a cold sweaty pallid skin, a weak rapid pulse, irregular breathing, dry mouth, dilated pupils, a decreased level of consciousness, and a reduced flow of urine. Causes include haemorrhage, a decrease in the volume of blood (hypovolaemic shock), reduced activity of the heart (cardiogenic shock), infection (septic shock) and allergic reaction (anaphylactic shock). It may also be due to widespread dilation of the blood vessels so that there is insufficient blood to fill them. This may be caused by the emotional shock due to personal tragedy or disaster (neurogenic shock).

Azeem Farooqui (Biochemist)

4 Shocking Reasons Why 85% Aspirants Fail To Crack NEET-UG

4 Shocking Reasons Why 85% Aspirants Fail To Crack NEET-UG

1. Not Practising Lots of Questions

All the knowledge in the world will prove useless in NEET-UG if you are unable to apply your knowledge to the questions asked. NEET examination test your ability to apply what you have learnt something that must be developed and refined over time. 

Accordingly, it is crucial, that you complete as many practice questions as possible under exam conditions.

Accordingly, it is crucial, that you complete as many practice questions as possible under exam conditions.

By solving 1000s of questions on a Topic/Chapter, you come to realize your strength and weaknesses. This is the only way you can keep improving your scores in NEET.

Solution – Rather than merely learning and re-learning syllabus, devote the majority of your time in solving questions and making yourself familiar with ALL TYPES of questions related to the Topic/Chapter. This tip alone will increase your chances of reaching a high score by 60%. 

2. NOT Learning From Your Mistakes

An important part of your education is learning from your mistakes. This is mostly true for Chemistry and Biology. Students think that these subjects can be done just by cramming up but it is a misconception. 

Repeating your mistakes in these subjects can be fatal for your scorecard and can result in you not achieving target marks even by a minor limit. And as you know, Bio and Chemistry are the subjects that get you selected, it is highly crucial to avoid making such mistakes.

Solution – Each time you get a question wrong, go back and consider how else you could have approached the question. Look at the worked solutions and take note of where you went wrong.

Try to repeat these questions at a later date you ensure that you have learned from your mistakes. More importantly, once you find out that you have not understood the concept, try to read it more clearly and make a memory map. 

3. NOT Memorizing the Concepts Early 

NEET and AIIMS require you to apply your knowledge to solve complex MCQs. 

Most of the questions in these exams are Concept-based. A lot of Aspirants keep postponing learning the concepts and keep their focus elsewhere on cramming up the subjects. This simply doesn’t work in case of competitive exams.

Solution – The earlier you start memorising the concepts of the subjects, the sooner you can start doing practice questions. This approach will also provide you with sufficient time to identify and subsequently cover any gaps in your knowledge.

What you want to do ideally is, learn and understand all the conceptual parts in the beginning months and then just practice thousands upon thousands of questions on each chapter until when 2 months are remaining from the exam. This is how you build an unshakable knowledge base.

4. NOT Studying Physics

Competition for medicine and dentistry is tough. One or a few marks in the NEET and AIIMS may be the difference between being awarded a government seat v/s completely missing out.

These difficult areas are what separate the best from the rest. Many aspirants think that biology and chemistry of sufficient to get selected in the exam. This type of thinking can cost you your career. Biology is the most important part of the exam, it is alone not sufficient to get you selected in the exam.

Why?

Simply because you cannot do all 90 questions correctly in biology (if you can do that, then forget physics and concentrate only on biology ).

Solution – To maximize your chances of success at least aim for getting 60- 65% marks in Physics. This is difficult but totally achievable.

By focusing on the important chapters and making yourself with all types of questions that come from that chapter, you increase your chances of getting selected exponentially. These are the most common reasons why aspirants fail to crack and even qualify the examination.

By keeping these mistakes in mind and improving yourself in these areas, you can easily achieve your target scores and secure your seat in the NEET and AIIMS exams.

Hope this is helpful!

The Wobble Hypothesis

The Wobble Hypothesis

There are more than one codon for one amino acid. This is called degeneracy of genetic code.

To explain the possible cause of degeneracy of codons, in 1966, Francis Crick proposed “the Wobble hypothesis”.

According to this hypothesis, only the first two bases of the codon have a precise pairing with the bases of the anticodon of tRNA, while the pairing between the third bases of codon and anticodon may Wobble (wobble means to sway or move unsteadily).

The phenomenon permits a single tRNA to recognize more than one codon. Therefore, although there are 61 codons for amino acids, the number of tRNA is far less (around 40) which is due to wobbling.

The Wobble Hypothesis

The wobble hypothesis states that the base at 5′ end of the anticodon is not spatially confined as the other two bases allowing it to form hydrogen bonds with any of several bases located at the 3′ end of a codon. This leads to the following conclusions:

The first two bases of the codon make normal (canonical) H-bond pairs with the 2nd and 3rd bases of the anticodon.

At the remaining position, less stringent rules apply and non-canonical pairing may occur. The wobble hypothesis thus proposes a more flexible set of base-pairing rules at the third position of the codon.

The relaxed base-pairing requirement, or “wobble,” allows the anticodon of a single form of tRNA to pair with more than one triplet in mRNA.

The rules: first base U can recognize A or G, first base G can recognize U or C, and first base I can recognize U, C or A.

Crick’s hypothesis hence predicts that the initial two ribonucleotides of triplet codes are often more critical than the third member in attracting the correct tRNA.

Wobble base pairs

A wobble base pair is a pairing between two nucleotides in RNA molecules that does not follow Watson-Crick base pair rules.

The four main wobble base pairs are guanine-uracil (G-U), hypoxanthine-uracil (I-U), hypoxanthine-adenine (I-A), and hypoxanthine-cytosine (I-C).

In order to maintain consistency of nucleic acid nomenclature, “I” is used for hypoxanthine because hypoxanthine is the nucleobase of inosine.

Inosine displays the true qualities of wobble, in that if that is the first nucleotide in the anticodon then any of three bases in the original codon can be matched with the tRNA.

Significance of the Wobble Hypothesis

Our bodies have a limited amount of tRNAs and wobble allows for broad specificity.

Wobble base pairs have been shown to facilitate many biological functions, most clearly proven in the bacterium Escherichia coli.

The thermodynamic stability of a wobble base pair is comparable to that of a Watson-Crick base pair.

Wobble base pairs are fundamental in RNA secondary structure and are critical for the proper translation of the genetic code.

Wobbling allows faster dissociation of tRNA from mRNA and also protein synthesis.

The existence of wobble minimizes the damage that can be caused by a misreading of the code; for example, if the Leu codon CUU were misread CUC or CUA or CUG during transcription of mRNA, the codon would still be translated as Leu during protein synthesis.